Section 4: Modals, Voice, Narration, Conditionals & Non-finites
Comprehensive test series on auxiliary modals, passive voice conversions, direct and indirect speech reporting, conditional sentences, infinitives, gerunds, participles, and the subjunctive mood.
Modals: can, could, may, might
Ability, permission, theoretical and factual possibility, polite requests
Modals: shall, will, should, would
Obligation, intention, advice, habitual past actions, hypothetical choices
Modals: must, ought to, need, dare, used to
Compulsion, moral duty, semi-modals as main vs auxiliary verbs, discontinued habits
Voice: active to passive in simple tenses
Subject-object inversion, simple present, simple past, and simple future passive forms
Voice: passive in continuous and perfect tenses
Being + V3 continuous transforms and Been + V3 perfect aspect passives
Voice: passive of modals, questions and imperatives
Let + object + be + V3, modal passive, who/whom question transformations
Narration: statements
Direct to indirect speech tense backshifting, pronoun changes, time/place adverb shifts
Narration: questions
Reporting interrogatives: wh-questions and if/whether with assertive word order
Narration: commands and requests
Reporting imperative structures using to-infinitive (ordered to, forbid to, requested to)
Narration: exclamations and wishes
Reporting exclamatory and optative sentences: exclaimed with joy/sorrow, prayed, wished
Conditionals: zero and first
Scientific facts, real present conditions, likely future outcomes (if + simple present, will + V1)
Conditionals: second, third and mixed
Unreal present (were/would), unfulfilled past (had + V3 / would have + V3), and mixed clauses
Wishes: wish, if only, as if, would rather
Unreal past subjunctive with wish, hypothetical comparisons with as though/as if
Non-finites: infinitives
To-infinitives, bare infinitives after verbs of perception/modals, split infinitives
Non-finites: gerunds
Verbal nouns as subject/object, possessive pronouns preceding gerunds, fixed expressions
Non-finites: participles
Present and past participles as verbal adjectives; dangling and misplaced participle errors
Mood: subjunctive and imperative
Mandative subjunctive (demand that he be…), formulaic subjunctive, imperative mood commands